Dance history Essay Example for Free

Dance history EssayBallet is a form of dancing performed for theatre audiences. worry some other dance forms, ballet may tell a story, express a mood, or simply reflect the music. But a ballet dancers proficiency (way of performing) and special skills differ greatly from those of other dancers. Ballet dancers perform many movements that are unnatural for the body. But when these movements are well executed, they look natural. The beginnings of ballet flock be traced to Italy during the 1400s at the time of the Renaissance. During the Renaissance, mickle developed a great interest in art and learning.At the same time, trade and commerce spread out rapidly, and the dukes who ruled Florence and other Italian city-states grew in wealth. The dukes did much to promote the arts. The Italian city-states became rival art centres as well as competing commercial centers. The Italian dukes competed with angiotensin-converting enzyme another in giving costly, fancy entertainments that included dance performances. The dancers were not professionals. They were noblemen and noblewomen of a dukes court who danced to please their ruler and to stir the admiration and envy of his rivals.Catherine de Medici, a member of the ruling family of Florence, became the queen of France in 1547. Catherine introduced into the French court the same kind of entertainments that she had known in Italy. They were staged by Balthazar de Beaujoyeulx, a gifted musician. Beaujoyeulx had serve from Italy to be Catherines chief musician. Ballet historians consider one of Beaujoyeulxs entertainments, the Ballet Comique de la Reine, to be the first ballet. It was a magnificent spectacle of approximately 51/2 hours performed in 1581 in honour of a royal wedding.The ballet told the ancient Greek myth of Circe, who had the magical power to turn men into beasts. The ballet included specially written instrumental music, singing, and spoken verse as well as dancingall based on the story of Circe. Dance technique was extremely limited, and so Beaujoyeulx depended on spectacular costumes and scenery to impress the audience. To make sure that the audience understood the story, he provided printed copies of the verses used in the ballet. The ballet was a great success, and was much imitated in other European courts.French leadership. The Ballet Comique de la Reine established Paris as the capital of the ballet world. King Louis XIV, who ruled France during the late 1600s and early 1700s, strengthen that leadership. Louis greatly enjoyed dancing. He took part in all the ballets given at his court, which his nobles performed, but stopped after he became fat and middle-aged. In 1661, Louis founded the Royal academy of Dancing to train professional dancers to perform for him and his court. Professional ballet began with the kings dancing academy.With serious training, the French professionals developed skills that had been impossible for the amateurs. Similar companies developed i n other European countries. One of the greatest was the Russian Imperial Ballet of St. Petersburg, whose school was founded in 1738. The French professional dancers became so skilled that they began to perform publicly in theatres. But in 1760, the French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre criticized the professional dancers in his book Lettres sur la danse, et sur les ballets (Letters on Dancing and Ballets).Noverre complained that the dancers cared too much about showing their technical skills and too little about the true purpose of ballet. This purpose, he said, was to represent characters and express their feelings. Noverre urged that ballet dancers stop using masks, bulky costumes, and enceinte wigs to illustrate or explain plot and character. He claimed that the dancers could express these things using only their bodies and faces.So long as the dancers did not look strained or uncomfortable doing difficult steps, they could show such emotions as anger, joy, fear, and love. N overre developed the ballet daction, a form of dramatic ballet that told the story completely through movement. intimately of Noverres ballets told stories taken from ancient Greek myths or dramas. But during the early 1800s, people no longer cared about old gods and heroes. The romantic period began as people became interested in stories of escape from the real world to dreamlike worlds or foreign lands.

Ebonics & Education Essay Example for Free

Ebonics Education EssayThe Ebonics controversy in America has developed into a major conflict over the years. It has become a more than than sincere concern deep down the public school system. The complex where the nations school systems lower their expectations of black youth to coincide with the patterns of Ebonics, the word used to restore to Afri potentiometer Ameri raft Vernacular English, has resulted in an epidemic where blacks graduate from High School reading 3 grade levels below their white counterparts.For the multiple rate of theories that attempt to explain this phenomenon, very few generate been capable to counter the adverse culture that has developed in America as a mathematical product of Ebonics beingness considered a valid dialect. A wide range of theorists and politicians have used the American nurtureal system as a platform on which to gain civil approval. There is a popular consensus that income designates the quality of onenesss education in A merica. This state of socioeconomic prejudice has a pestilential effect on the face of our society.It can be argued that a single standard curriculum should be equ altogethery implemented and taught throughout the nation, and that this curriculum should be similar to the elite executive curriculum, which Jean Anyon identifies as the best education our country has to offer in her article Social Class and the Hidden program of Work. She identifies how many believe that private and public sector schools should be merged together, along with their curriculums (2006).She breaks down education into two curriculums, upper contour and lower differentiate, or working and executive class. Equalizing the differences between these two forms of education has always been the job of standardize testing. Initially standardized testing in America was used to asses ones calculative ability. It is now being replaced, starting at the middle school level, with a format that revolves around authenti c appraisal (Wiggins, 1990). current assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect.The tests be also known to evaluate creativity, listening and cellular inclusion skills, experimental query in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry. It has been designed to replace traditional standardized testing, which means it compensatetually forget be used in all schools cross rash the nation to identify the intellectual elite. This is considered to be a major advent in education that will counter act the nations smirch of low expectations ushered in by the validation of Ebonics.A major cause of the low expectations placed on black youth in schools can partially be credited to those doing the research, as Kimberly Griffin points out in her article Striving for Success A Qualitative Exploration of Competing Theories of High-Achieving Black College Students Academic Motivation, when she says, research on the a cademic performance of Black students has directioned on low-achievers, framing their academic motivation as maladaptive and driven by externally (e. g. , controversy or compliance) rather than internally (e. g. love of learning) generated forces (Griffin, 2006).This heavy focus on those blacks who have low quality achievement, has led to a neglect in the consciousness of what drives the nobleer achieving students to be successful. Findings show that self-determination theory, socio-cognitive theory, and attribution theory cannot individually explain the motivation of these Black high-achievers. Instead, a multidimensional framework that incorporates all three models and that highlights internal and external sources of motivation best accounts for these students experiences (Griffin, 2006).Griffin goes on to cite an interview with a young black student that was less affluent than others. The conversation reveals that the pressure of stereotypes and low expectations has a weighin g effect on the level of effort and achievement that black students have in the class room. This is a defacement that is present whether the student is of a lower or higher class, but the lower the class of the student the even heavier the stereotypes are that weigh on them.I think probably intrinsically I might have felt at one point that I needed to try harder, because I was Black, to not be a stereotype . . . not dependable chill, you know, talk with Ebonics or stuff likethe stereotype that people have of Black people. I designedly try to steer away from that. I think thats certainly definitely, in a certain respect, thats true (Griffin, 2006). This pressure that stems from the inherent stereotypes perpetuated through the use of Ebonics is even further enhanced by a misunderstanding of this complex between the students and their teachers.Griffin points this out as well when she says, the fact that many teacher education students do not share the same ethnic, social, racial an d linguistic backgrounds as their students may lead to cultural incongruencies in the classroom which can mediate against educational effectiveness( Griffin, 2006). It is Griffins belief that these incompatibilities between the black students and their preponderantly white teachers results in a complex to be maladaptive, in a way that is very evident.These incompatibilities are evident in value orientation, behavioral norms and expectations and styles, social interactions, self presentation, communication and cognitive processing (Griffin, 2006). Griffins article proves that even the system through which these students are studied for the purpose of better improving their achievement is a vicious cycle itself filled with misunderstandings and blatant neglect of the methods that may actually be successful, specifically teaching methods like andragogy and reflective learning.Androgogy and reflective learning are two educational forms that have become very prevalent at the collegiate level. They are considered to be the two best teaching methods in educating adults. This has been found to be specifically true for pre-med and science majors in college, due to andragogys focus on authentic assessment (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment is the direct evaluation of student performance through tasks that exercise their intellect. These evaluations tend to exercise their creativity, listening and comprehension skills, experimental research in science, speaking and discussion skills and historical inquiry.It largely corresponds with standardized testing (Kolb 2001, p. 1975). Authentic assessment asks that students acquire knowledge and be able to commit logic as apposed to just being able to regurgitate pre-fed facts. The main characteristics of these evaluations, is that they apply standardized test curriculum to real life circumstances. Authentic assessment is the product of a reform in education. This shift is to make standardized testing less drill oriented and applicable to what is expected will be necessary in the students adult life.These tests hold students to higher standards as well as create a growing body of accurate sentience pertaining to student learning. This way the teacher learns from the student as well. The key argument these test pose is that for the traditional testing method, the right answers are not rationales. This essentially acknowledges that the level of logic required for traditional standardized tests is lacking. This is due to a relationship that involves test takers who simply cram for their tests, and instructors who feel the tests have no relevance to their teaching ability.This is a common occurrence that has resulted in resentment for traditional standardized testing on the behalf of both parties involved. Authentic assessment is a authorized push towards the implementation of more authentic tasks. Instructors find it easier to apply these tasks to their curriculum and students find it easier to as sess what is expected of them. It is considered a form of improving overall performance, in a testing system traditionally structured solely to monitor it. This fault in western education is the main catalyst for shifts in standardized testing that focus more on authentic assessment and experiential learning.Medical students and students pursuing the sciences, like psychology or sociology, are expected to have certain skills appropriate for the practice of their profession. This requires a form of learning that can assesses curriculum and then apply it to real life situations. As well as the medical and science compass, andragogy and reflective learning is being used to enhance the productivity of multimillion dollar corporations. Experiential learning thus involves a, direct encounter with the phenomena being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter, or sole(prenominal) considering the possibility of doing something about it. (Borzak 1981 9 quoted in Brookfield 198 3).This sort of learning is sponsored by an intromission and might be used on training programmes for professions such(prenominal) as social work and teaching or in field study programmes such as those for social administration or geography courses. Kolb, David A. , david a. kolb on experiential learning Kolb breaks down understanding of experiential learning into an understanding of the American educational systems use of the field trip and project ground learning (Kolb 2001, p. 1975).While project based learning is considered to be one of the best methods of learning for all individuals because it promotes authentic assessment, and thus provides young black students especially to expand their understanding of the Western culture from which they have been systematically alienated, it is also very expensive to organize. Anyon discovers that the legal age of contemporary textbook instruction is designed for the working class. PBL programs are commonly not supported in public scho ols because of the amount of funding they require.This discrepancy is usually applicable to public schools and whether one is located near high income housing or low income housing. Jonathan Kozol describes the discrepancies between these two types of schooling in his interview with margarine Scherer. In the interview titled, On Savage Inequalities A Conversation with Jonathan Kozol, he talks about his experience in St. Louis and how the schools in low income areas, which are predominantly black, barely have money for water, while the schools near by in the wealthinessier districts could buy advanced school supplies as well as carryout project based learning, such as field trips.Kozol credits this problem to the use of property tax to fund schools in low income areas. He states we ought to finance the education of both child in America equitably, with adjustments made only for the greater or lesser needs of certain children. And that funding should all come from the collective we alth of our society, mainly from a steeply graduated progressive income tax. (Kozol) This particular tax could make project based learning more affordable, which would be the most prestigious step to improving classroom education. The most common contemporary example of PBL is dissecting insects and animals.It has become an American tradition and almost a right of passage in high school. Project Based Management has a very beneficial influence on the education of our country. One might wonder why its not the only curriculum used. The use of chaperones, instructional tools, and methods of transportation are often required and considered expensive. The benefit is that people tend to remember more from their field trips than textbook lessons and many of these labs require authentic assessment, which is good considering the new shift in standardized testing.The downfall is in the fact that authentic assessment is helpless on the students past experiences. This allows for some projects to result in the isolation of certain students. The inner city children are deprived because their school systems cant afford implementing PBL curriculums. Chairperson of the Department of Education at Rutgers University, in her essay From Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work Jean Anyon analyzes the constitution of underprivileged education.Anyon argues that depending on their social class, different levels of educations are available to young people. This mostly applies to schools in different districts and social communities and it can particularly be seen in the difference between private and public schooling. To make the concept clear, she further applies this to a description of a kind of mental segregation happening within the classroom in which, students sitting next to one another are rewarded differently solely based on their socioeconomic standing in the community.She does this by pointing out that, students in different social-class backgrounds are rewarded fo r classroom behaviors that correspond to ainity traits allegedly rewarded in the different occupational strata the working classes for docility and obedience, the managerial classes for initiative and personal assertiveness. (Anyon) This is the key ideal of Anyons theory. An example of the theory at work can be seen in research that finds project based learning prepares students for more abstract assessment, and prepares them to handle real world situations, as opposed to those in the textbook. PBL is most prevalent in private and high income community public schools.This creates a system where the students taught in the private schools are taught to think independently in a rational but unconfined way, while the lower income children are only taught to follow instructions. These differing perspectives on education have had a controversial and conflicting record in America. Gary capital of Sri Lanka based much of his research on this conflict. Gary capital of Sri Lanka argues tha t the majority of the Founding Fathers were wealthy conservatives who were honestly opposed to democracy. This signifies them as an elitist class constructing laws that will better maintain their control of the government.Their initial goal was to keep agency in the hands of the wealthy, and prevent the majority from realizing their strength. One major modern day justifications for this elitist view is that, these framers were the same men who risked their lives for the good of others by sign the contract of independence, and they are getting what is owed to them. It is Garry Colombos view that these patriots did not intend to revolutionize democracy, but that their sole intention was to gain independence from Britain in rescript to get the country out of their pockets.Aware that the Constitution would be opposed by the working class, who made up the majority of the people, the construction of the deceleration and its signing were held in private. The media was used conceal the c onstitutions actual goal, while at the same time to persuade people in its favor. Along with a literate media Colombo points out that the American government found it necessary, particularly during Thomas Jeffersons presidency, to promote and finance a literate working class.It is Colombos view that the sole purpose of their education was to develop individuals who would maintain the nation. These educated individuals were viewed as secondary to their task. This is the first sign in American history of education being used to exploit people for the benefit of the government. By identifying the failure of Thomas Jefferson to educate the infixed American people, Colombo shows that American education was initially designed with absolutely no regard for the people.He best displays this conflict when he cites a letter written by a Native American to the President. our ideas of this kind of education happen not to be the same with yoursseveral of our young people were formerly brought up at the college of the northern provinces they were instructed in all your sciences but when they came back to us, they were bad runners ignorant of every means of living in the woods unable to bear either cold or hunger knew neither how to build a cabin, take a deer, or kill an enemythey were totally good for nothing. (Colombo) Here Colombo identifies that, quality in education is deemed only as good as its ability to assimilate one into the culture in which they live.This assimilation is not one that produces equal prospect for its participants. As previously proven by Anyon, socioeconomic conditions impede this dream dramatically from coming into fruition. In sum, Anyon argues that todays working class curriculums mettle more on teaching black students to follow instructions rather than teaching them how to authentically assess problems. She undeniably proves that the children of higher income families are not taught in this fashion, and they are steered more towards developing skills in problem solving and decision making.Ebonics only further expands this gap between classes, considering the level of stereotypes that come along with its practice and the powerfully influential stigma that blacks are subject to as a result. If students are subject to the exact same nationwide testing, it would only be just that they receive the same educational curriculums. By using Ebonics in the school system, the nation is alienating blacks from the main stream through both class and race. set out income students are being herded into remedial work, while the upper class students are being prepared for executive positions.This is an immoral practice, but there are risks that can occur if Anyons elitist curriculum is equally distributed throughout the country. Everyone can not manage the corporation some have to toil for the sake of the company. The working class may potentially have a better understanding of executive duties, if Anyons curriculum is implemented. With a greater appreciation for the business structure, working class employees may be educated enough to demand more benefits from their companies. The end result of implementing Anyons theory is that there will be a more diverse group of qualified candidates from which corporations select.This makes the face of corporate America as cultured as the nation its in, and it eliminates much of the disadvantaging prejudice that comes with elitism. This is proof that it is wise to utilize Anyons elite curriculum throughout all school systems. Every income scale should be accessible among all races and nationalities, but to assume that the children of high income families will work remedial jobs so the poor can be executives is irrational. Anyons curriculum must be set into action with the hope that it levels the playacting field, and Ebonics needs to be abolished as a credible English vernacular.

Difference Between Ground Level And Stratospheric Ozone Environmental Sciences Essay

Difference Between Ground Level And Stratospheric Ozone Environmental Sciences Essay wherefore has one a beneficial and the other a detrimental role in the melodic line?This essay is going to explain the difference among ground-level and stratospheric ozone wherefore has one a beneficial and the other a detrimental role in the atmosphere.The troposphere is the lowest layer of the earths atmosphere (Figure 1). It starts at the earths surface extending to a visor between 7 and 20km above sea level. The troposphere is the thickest part of the atmosphere in which around 75-80% of atmospheric mass is located. As altitude increases through the troposphere, temperature, air embrace and density of the air decrease. The troposphere is heated from the earths surface sunlight warms the ground or ocean and in turn, heats the air around which rises into the troposphere. On average the temperature drops around 6.5 degrees Celsius per km as altitude increases. At the top of the stratosphere, temperatures potty reach a low of -55 degrees Celsius. As shown in figure 1 there is a layer between the troposphere and the stratosphere this is called the Tropopause, a boundary between the two layers. The altitude of the Tropopause varies with latitude, season, weather and time of day. At mid level latitudes the typical height of the Tropopause is around 11km whilst tight fitting the poles it send away drop to a low of 7km. The lowest part of the troposphere is known as the atmospheric boundary layer which is affected by the earths surface, an example of this bottom be the wind world affected by hitting a mountain. In the polar regions just below the Tropopause is a jet stream which is define as a belt of powerful upper-level winds that sits atop the polar front (Britannica 2010)(Figure 1 ACCU Weather 2009)http//global-warming.accuweather.com/stratosphere_diagram_sm-thumb.jpgOzone (O3) is a form of oxygen containing 3 molecules, ordinarily found in the stratosphere, and responsible for filtering the suns ultraviolet radiation (Null, J 2003). Figure 2 shows the levels on ozone present in the earths atmosphere.(Figure 2 NASA 1999)FileAtmospheric ozone.svg harmonise to NASA 10% of ozone (O3) in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. Ozone in the troposphere is unwanted. Ozone can be found in low concentrations at ground-level. Ground level ozone and stratospheric ozone argon two key sources of natural ozone. Ground level ozone be hydrocarbons which are released by soil and plants, whereas stratospheric ozone which rarely migrates downwards to the earths surface. These two natural sources do not give enough ozone to be thought of as a threat to life and the environment.With growing populations, increased transport and high industry has increased the ozone levels in the lower atmosphere. Ozone cannot be traced by coming directly from one source as it is formed by contact between the suns UV rays and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides which can be t raced back to transport, fossil fuels, power plants and other industries. It can be referred to as ozone pollution or Smog. In urban areas its known as photochemical smog(Figure 3 Environmental Science 2010)http//apesnature.homestead.com/files/fg22_04b.jpgOzone is a key element traced in smog and as a powerful greenhouse gas.Greenhouse gases are a part of the atmosphere they are both natural and created from human activity. These gases emit radiation within range thermal infrared radiation which is emitted from the earths surface, the atmosphere and clouds. This causes the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is when sunlight reaches the earths surface and is reflected back into the atmosphere, but it is prevented from escaping by the layer of greenhouse gasses, this in turn heats the atmosphere causing a rise in the earths surface temperature. The rise in temperature causes ice caps to melt, raising sea levels. The four major gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect and their percentage section are Water Vapour, 36-70%, Carbon Dioxide, 9-26%, Methane, 4-9% and Ozone, 3-7%. (Kiehl J, 2003)Ozone levels are found at its peak during the summer months and are usually highest in built up areas. Concentrations are at its highest during the afternoon as the UV rays have had time to react. This causes ozone pollution.Ozone pollution has many negative effects on human life, vegetation and the environment. It can cause health problems such as chest infections, breathing problems, headaches, eye irritation and aggravate pre existing conditions such as asthma, heart disease, bronchitis and emphysema. Ozone pollution according to SEQL damages leaves and crops, which humble crop production and quality, The United Nations Environment programme estimated a loss of $8.56 billion worth in crops in the European Union in 2000(UNEP 2007) Buildings and decorating materials can be weakened or damaged and paint can fade faster than anticipated.The stratosphere is the s econd layer of the atmosphere from the earths surface (Figure 1). The stratosphere rises to around 50km above sea level. The lowest part of the stratosphere varies depending on the latitude and the season. It differs at around 8 16km near the equator, around 10km at the mid latitudes and 8km near the poles. The air within the stratosphere is alter and contains small amounts of water vapour. The air within the stratosphere is around a thousand times thinner than that at sea level. Due the lack of vertical convection within the stratosphere, compounds can stay for long periods of time which breaks down the ozone layer.About 90% of the ozone in the earths atmosphere is located in the stratosphere, which is between 15 and 50km above the earths surface. The ozone in the stratosphere forms a layer called the Ozone Layer. This is where oxygen (O2) and Ozone (O3) molecules absorb UV light from the sun protecting the earths surface from UV radiation. Both oxygen and ozone combined absorb b etween 95 99.9% of the suns UV radiation. Without them UV radiation such as UV-C and UV-B can cause skin cancer and damage eye and plant tissue. The Ozone Layer is being destroyed by chemicals released by humans. An example of this is Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the Green House Gases which break down the ozone in the stratosphere.Figure 4 that the level that the ozone is having on the stratosphere and the troposphere. It shows that the levels of ozone have been rock-bottom in the stratosphere and the levels of ozone have increased.(Figure 4 Institute for Chemistry)seperated ozone trendsTo conclude, this essay shows that ground level ozone has a detrimental effect of the earths atmosphere as it causes health problems or aggravates be problems, damage to natural vegetation, crops and buildings and the environment. It is not ozone itself that damages the earths atmosphere but the interactions between the suns UV rays and hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides within the troposphere. W hereas stratospheric ozone has a beneficial role to play in the atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone is beneficial to the earths atmosphere as it absorbs UV radiation which prevents health problems such as skin cancer.BibliographyGuy, P, John J, Geoffrey, S. (1999). Tropospheric Ozone. In Birks, W Atmospheric Chemistry and spherical Change. 4th ed. Oxford Oxford University Press 465-486Guy, P, John J, Geoffrey, S. (1999). Middle Atmospheric Ozone. In Birks, W Atmospheric Chemistry and Global Change. 4th ed. Oxford Oxford University Press. 487-513NAS. (2001).Ozone Layer.Available http//www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/Ozone/ozonelayer.html. go accessed 02/03/2010RSPB. (2001) The Greenhouse Effect. Available www.rspb.org.uk/ourwork/teaching/resources/science/greenhouse_effect.asp Last accessed 3/03/2010

Causes of the Little India Riots

Causes of the particular India RiotsIntroductionIn December 2013, an alarming incident hit capital of capital of capital of Singapore and shocked the absolute world. countersignpaper, reports on it spread across the globe. This incident is no other than the lesser Indias Riot. The severity of this issue had sent different messages to the different communities in Singapore. For instance, the political sympathies realized the need to look into the issue of migrator workers, Singaporeans preconceived stereotype of these migratory workers worsen and unsettled workers possibly losing a drive where they can depart to enjoy the sense homeliness that they missed dearly.Hence as a result of this highly discussed incident in Little India, I have obdurate to pursue a closer look at Little India and the strain that was built up among the residents and the migrant workers there. Prior to this incident, base on a question by T.C. Chang (2000), most of the initial displeasures came fr om the non-Indian community living in Little India. (Chang, 2000) However, the result of the riot had sparked off increasing concerns from the Indian residents as well. The riot did non occur due to the tension built up but it certainly did amplify the concerns residents have on the migrant workers and their existence. In this paper, we impart look at the history of Little India and the present situation, followed by the reasons for the migrant workers crumpleings and finally the cause of these tension built up to provide a better picture on how the co-presence of migrant workers and residents created tension. However, prior to that, I would like to introduce certain geographical terms that will be used throughout this paper which are mainly, space, abode and personal identity.Space in geography is often used in doing spatial analysis. in that location are many definitions of space available in the different literatures. However, in the context of this paper, we will be lookin g at Cognitive Space. Cognitive Space is often used when space is shaped by humans cling tos and thinking. It is bounded by settings which comprises the identities and relations people have with it. Hence, neither space nor place can exist without one another. (Agnew, 2011 Furland, 2008 Mazr Urbnek, 1983 Horodniceanu, n.d) According to Edward Relphs book titled Place and Placelessness (1980), he defined place as fusions of human and nature order and are the significant centers of our immediate experiences of the world(p. 141). In order words, place is somewhere where an individual or group has a strong sense of attachment to, creating a sense of identity with the place. (Monnet, 2011 Hauge, 2007 Tuan, 2001 Seamon, 1996 Relph, 1980) In short, space, place and identity are often interlinked and one could not exist without another. Having said that, with a brief introduction to these key terms, we will move on to take a closer look at the issue mentioned.History of Little IndiaLittle India is not quite like how it is termed. It was never a designated ethnic enclave, dominate by one particular community, unlike Chinatown. However, under the development of Singapore and the cattle trading industry in the mid-1800s in Little India, it had attracted many Indian traders and laborers coming into Little India and eventually settling down there. The increasing growth of the Indian universe of discourse during the 19th and 20th century led to the numerous ethnical and religious landmarks such as Hindu temples that can still be observed today. By then, Little India was dominated by the Tamil-speaking south Indians. The commercial and sell activities catered specifically to this specific community grew rapidly. Even though it was predominantly occupied by the Indians, there were Chinese and Eurasians inhabitants as well. Hence, Little India is considered have a multi-ethnicity population and not just the Indian community. The diversity of population is showcased throug h the wide array of worship places in the area catering to the different communities and religions which can be found as architectural landmarks in Little India today. (Chang, 2000 URA, 1995 Wong, n.d)Present situationFast forward to todays context, it is undeniable there has been an increasing curve in the number of migrant workers coming into Singapore seeking for job opportunities. Based on the statistics obtained from the Ministry of Man bureau Singapore, the number of work permits issued for the construction industry change magnitude from 180,000 as of December 2007 to 306,500 in June 2013 (Ministry of Manpower, 2013). The number of contrary workers working in the construction industry had increased by close to 40% as of the visit in 2007. You might be wondering why the emphasis on migrant workers in the construction industry. This is because large percentage of them came from South Asian and divided a similar culture of the Indians. As such, Little India became a place wh ere they gather during the weekends, converting public and private spaces in their own diaspora third spaces. (Yew, 2014) Their presence had as well as caused an undeniable change in the landscape of Little India. For instance, Bengali is now the second mostly widely seen and spoken language in Little India. There are also increasing numbers of Bengali restaurants selling Bengali cuisines and even retail shops selling Bengali products set up along the streets of Little India. The characteristics of a street in South Asian can be seen transported into the streets of Little India, replacing many of Little Indias very own characteristics. (Yew, 2014) This lick of place-making is also known as personalization. It refers to putting a distinctive mark on a place and it can be in the form of material changes or attitudinal changes. In this case, we can see that the influence of these migrant workers had created both tangible and intangible forms of personalization on Little India. (Garc ia, 2012) The touch of personalisation further entice them into tour Little India as based on the article Home away from Home by The Straits Times (2013), Little India provides them with the sense of homeliness, which they had left hobo to seek job opportunities in Singapore. It is also estimated that the numbers of migrant workers going to Little India on Sundays can hit more than than 30,000.ReasonsThis increasing trend had caused tension to build up between them and the residents creating an insider-outsider dichotomy in Little India. (Chang, 2000) An insider refers to someone that has a sense of brotherly belonging and is adapted to fit the space mend an outsider, is someone who does not feel belonged and feels culturally out of place. According the Edward Relph (1980), there are different forms of insideness and outsideness. In the context of Little India, the residents themselves take up the identity as existential insiders. It is only possible for people who live in that place and had developed a strong sense of belonging and identity with it. The migrant workers on the other hand are incidental outsiders whereby the place was just a setting where they have their activities at. (Relph, 1980) As a result of the co-existence of these two communities in one place, one as an insider and the other as an outsider, a dichotomy will follow because of the different importance the place plays for them.Residents, as insiders, will value the place much more than the migrant workers as the place provides them with a sense of belonging, attachment and identity and played an important role in their day-after-day lives as it is the place where they live and play. The migrant workers on the other hand may only refer Little India as a place for them to gather over the weekends as it provides them the sense of homeliness. (Chan et al., 2013) Therefore, because of different importance Little India plays for the different community, certain behaviors or actions carrie d out by the outsiders in it may be deemed as unacceptable by the insiders. The unacceptance of the actions hence creates a tension build up between the two.In addition, the sense of insideness and belonging the residents had of Little India also portrayed an unstated sense that they entitled more rights to the space compared to the outsiders and that these public spaces should not be owned by the outsiders during the weekends. However, no one actually legally owns these public spaces. (Yew, 2014) Hence, as a result of these prejudice ownership of rights of the residents and the tension built up overtime, these common spaces where these migrant workers tend to frequent in large numbers were constructed into social problems as their attempts in reclaiming of public spaces. (Yew, 2014 Chang, 2014 Berlenger et al. 2012 Garcia, 2012)The increasing trend of tension build up could be seen from the increasing numbers of reports on the complaints residents had lodged on the migrant workers because of their misconduct. nearly of the residents interviewed voiced that the presence of these migrant workers was a major issue that should be looked at. Many complained of their rowdiness under void decks, loitering and even claimed to feel unsafe. This is especially so after the recent riot that occurred in Little India in December 2013. (Yahoo, 2013 Lee, 2013 Gan, 2011 Chang, 2014)However, I feel that besides the insider-outsider dichotomy inside Little India between the residents and migrant workers, the concept of othering, the marginalization of migrant workers in Singapore is highly applicable to the reason for tension build up as well. (Rubdy Mckay, 2013 Vincent et al., 2006) Migrant workers coming into Singapore has always been seen as an other on Singapore landscapes and were marginalized by society. The preconceived stereotype the general public had of the migrant workers often associate it with the 3Ds which are dirty, difficult and dangerous. (Yew, 2014 Rubdy M ckay, 2013 Vincent et al., 2006) Hence, because of the jobs they are involved in, mostly construction, they are often seen as the foreign, lowly and othered pariahs in society (Rosanow, n.d). These perceptions could be due to the lack of picture to these workers or even hearsay. Even though there were efforts made by the government, it is still not possible to erase the fundamental relationship between Singaporeans and the migrant workers that had built up for a long time. Hence, due to the preconceived stereotypes the general public had of migrant workers and the increasing numbers of migrant workers, it amplified the anxieties of alterity residents had of the migrant workers in Little India. This increasing sense of alterity is also one of the possible causes of insider-outsider dichotomy in the area, thus creating tension due to unacceptability. Hence, we can say that the issue of marginalization of foreign workers in general among Singaporeans had played a part in contributing to the formation of the insider-outsider dichotomy.ConclusionIn conclusion, the increasing number of migrant workers coming into Singapore had created tension between the locals and them. Tension built up could be due to the preconceived idea people have of these workers and hence rejecting them placing their footsteps on Singapores landscape or becoming part of their space. This rejection can be seen through the insider-outsider dichotomy as mentioned above. These signs of tension between residents and migrant workers are not only observed in Little India. Places such as Lucky Plaza in Orchard Road and Golden Mile are areas that position similar issues like those in Little India where there is a constant build-up of tension because of the increasing number of migrant workers gathering in these areas. This tension will continue to grow if neither Singaporeans nor migrant workers are willing to change their mindsets. Singaporeans ought to keep an open mind about these migrant worker s while the workers become more sensitive to their environment and the feelings of the residents. Singaporeans have to learn to appreciate their existence on Singapore landscapes, the role they play in our society and not judge them based on the work they are involved in. It is the only way to prevent continual build-up of tension as it is an undeniable fact that Singapore needs these workers to capture its development.BibliographyBerlenger, H., Cameron, S., Mora, C. d. (2012). Place Identity and the experience of Public Space Revitalisation. Restorativeness, and Transformation. In H. Casakin, F. Bernando, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, and Design of Built Environments (pp. 47-91). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE Bentham Science Publishers.Chang, R. (2014, January 26). Supper Club Denise Phua pull ourselves in Little India residents shoes, The Straits Times SingaPolitics. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http//www.singapolitics.sg/supperclub/denise-phua-put-ou rselves-little-india-residents-shoesChang, R., Mokhtar, M., Yong, C. (2013, December 17). Little India Home Away From Home, The Straits Times. Retrieved from http//www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/case-you-missed-it/story/little-india-home-away-home-20131217Chang, T. C. (2000). Singapores Little India A Tourist Attraction as a Contested Landscape, urban Studies. 37(2), 343-366.Furland, E. B. (2008). The effect of development in Little India and Chinatown, Singapore, from third to first world country. Norwegian University of Technology and Science, Department of Geography. Trondheim.Gan, L. K. (2011, June 20). The New newsprint Little India Residents Woes, AsiaOne News. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from http//news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110620-285089.html.Garcia, J. H. (2012). Open Spaces in Informal Settlements in Bogota, Expressions of Attachment and Identity. In H. Casakin, F. Bernardo, Role of Place Identity in the Perception, Understanding, a nd Design of Built Environments (pp. 92-106). SAIF Zone, Sharjah, UAE Bentham Science Publishers .Hage, G. (2006). Insiders and Outsiders. Sociology place, time and division.Hauge, A. L. (2007, March 1). Identity and place a critical comparison of three, Architectural Science Review. 2-6.Horodniceanu, O. (n.d). Space, Place, Idenity, Geographical ApproachesLee, K. L. (2013, December 10). natural rubber of Little Indias residents can be improved, Today Online Voices. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from http//www.todayonline.com/voices/safety-little-indias-residents-can-be-improvedMazr, E., Urbnek, J. (1983). Space in Geography. GeoJournal, 7(2), 139-143.Ministry of Manpower. (2013, June). Foreign Workforce Numbers, Ministy of Manpower. Retrieved February 11, 2014, from http//www.mom.gov.sg/statistics-publications/others/statistics/Pages/ForeignWorkforceNumbers.aspxsthash.vIDdObHR.dpbsMonnet, J. (2011). The symbolism of place a geography of relationships between space, power and ident ity (Vols. (1278-3366)). Cybergeodo.Relph, E. (1980). Place and Placelessness. London Pion Limited.Rosanow, G. A. (n.d). Home Away from Home Social Support Network for Migrant Workers , Kitakyushu Forum for Women.Rubdy, R., Mckay, S. L. (2013). Foreign Workers in Singapore Conflicting discourses, language politics and the negotiation of immigrant identities. De Gruyter Mouton.Seamon, D. (1996). A Singular Impact Edward Relphs Place and Placelessness. In Environmental and Architectural Phenomenology Newsletter (Vol. 7, pp. 5-8).Selten, M., Zandt, F. v. (2012, September 19). Space vs Place. human Geography Knowledge Base Retrieved March 3, 2014, from http//geography.ruhosting.nl/geography/index.php?title=Space_vs._placeTuan, Y.-F. (2001). Space and Place The Perspective Experience. Minneapolis University of Minnesota Press.Urban Redevelopemnt Authority. (n.d). Conservation-Little India, Urban Redevelopment Authority. Retrieved February 10, 2014, from http//www.ura.gov.sg/uol/conse rvation/conservation-xml.aspx?id=LTINUrban Redevelopment Authority. (1995). Little India- Historic District. Singapore.Vincent, J. A., Shiuan, O. S., Subto, S. F., Manhong, Y., Jing, Y. Y. (2008). The Attitudes of Tertiary Students toward Foreign Construction Workers. Ngee Ann Polytechnic.Wong, S. Y. (n.d). Not such a Little India, Reclaim Land. Retrieved February 9, 2014, from http//reclaimland.sg/rl/?p=30Yahoo News Shopkeepers,residents,visitors responds to Little Indias riot. (2013, December 9). Retrieved from http//sg.news.yahoo.com/singapore-charge-24-indian-workers-rioting-044957734.htmlYew, L. (2014). Asianism and the Politics of Regional Consciousness in Singapore. In L. Yew, Asianised Landscapes and the transculturation of Singapore (pp. 174-205). United States of America Routledge.

The Changing Role Of The Management Accountant Commerce Essay

The Changing Role Of The Management Accountant Commerce seeCharles Darwin the famous scientist who introduced the theory of natural selection said In the struggle for survival, the fittest win surface at the expense of their rivals because they succeed in adapting themselves best to their environment. He used this theory to explain the extinction of the dinosaurs from the earth.I believe this theory in fact is not confined to species. It is a universal truth which is pertinent to so many phenomena we see in our day to day lives. One much(prenominal) illustration is the slip of pay serve up. The enormous change the corporate domain of a procedure underwent over the goal few decades has inevitably pressurized the pay function to adapt to its operating environment. As a result, today the finance function is in the fore-front of finale making positioning itself as a contrast recessner for the organization as opposed to a conventional support function.It is in this context that either organization today should embark on the journey of transforming its finance function to adapt to the challenges of the advanced byplay environment. It is needless to exaggerate the changes this brings about in the division of the guidance accountant. up to now being humans it is natural for us to resist much(prenominal) change. What we should remember nevertheless is that if we fail to adapt to these changes, our destiny would not be different to that of dinosaurs.This reinforces the argument that tomorrows successful heed accountants will be the ones who not only understand the need importance of finance fracture but too who take proactive measures to bring about effective change and eventually manage such change to ensure sustainability of the furrow.2. finance Transformation2.1 How it has changed?Accounting pay function over the centuries has evolved significantly from the basic double entry bookkeeping the revolutionary concept which started it all. To day we live in a world where world(a) companies exist and the finance function like so many other things in human life has transformed itself to cater the ever increasing demands of modern day phone linees.Let it be monetary reporting, treasury management, budgeting or any other area in finance for that matter, there is visible transformation. For instance, tail assembly-line in financial jargon, only meant financial favourableness until recently. But today organizations strive for a triple bottom-line which is agency beyond the boundaries of financial profitability.A recent look for conducted by CIMAs centre of excellence at the University of Bath concluded the following changes (see Figure 1) as the most frequent changes faced by businesses.Figure 1 discover changes faced by the finance Function in the last decadeSource CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.12As per the above research data, an overwhelming majority of 96.4% has confirmed tha t there had been at least one change in their finance function for the period in concern. However the degree, to which these changes take up been popular, may extremely vary with Cost reduction being the forerunner with a popularity of 59% while Outsourcing of non-routine tasks was confined to a mediocre 5.5%.The same think over later classifies these changes to four broad types and besides pinpoints two main motives behind these changes namely Cost efficiency and Value creation (See Table 2).Table 2 Classification of Changes Faced by the Finance FunctionSource CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.12Cost Efficiency motive is where a business is keen to improve its output by using its resources more efficiently. On the other hand Value creation involves performing tasks in better ship focusing whilst eliminating non-value adding activities such that the organization creates value in terms of profitability.It is clear from the data (See Figure 1) that it is the Cost Efficiency based changes which were more prominent in businesses during the last decade. As the research suggests, Cost Reduction and Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) appear logical steps for organizations as they grow. The economies of scale, firms are pass judgment to achieve with its size, rationalize such change. Further the world economic crisis stemmed in 2007 prolongs to date would also have significantly influenced finance managers to run their businesses on tighter budgets and thus focus on efficiency based transformation.Although cost efficiency measures, up to now, have had the upper hand in finance transformation, it is expected that the value based changes would take precedence in times to come, as finance functions embark on the journey to achieve the visionary value creator status.2.2 Why has it changed?So far we discussed how the finance function has evolved over the years. Let us now examine the underlying drivers which caused this drama tic change. This inevitably leads us to look at the changes that occurred in the environment in which businesses operate. One thing that surely comes to my mind is globalization. I believe this concept single handedly revolutionized the way people engaged in business. For instance virtual organizations such as Dell and online market places such as e-bay have not only been highly successful, but also have challenged the future viability of usageal business models.However globalization is only one among many drivers of change as per CIMAs recent research findings on finance transformation. In fact it ranks well under the likes of increased competition technological advancement which grabbed the top two spots in terms of popularity (See Figure 3).Figure 3 Drivers of organizational change rank in terms of popularitySource CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.15Increased risk and uncertainty and External reporting requirements achieved 3rd and 4th p laces singly with market development coming next. It is important to mention the part played by the collapses of big corporate giants such as Enron, Worldcom and subsequent changes it created in the finance function especially in terms of risk assessment models and stringent reporting guidelines.The report further highlights some of the differences that exist within different business sectors.For example, demographics are as twice as popular driver in public sector compared to the private sector in which competition market dynamics are more prevalent.In financial services industry risk uncertainty is hailed above all drivers of change.All these drivers subsequently created pressure on the tradition finance function and new finance control models evolved to suit the new playing field.3. The changing role of the management accountant in todays environment3.1 The way forwardSo far we analyzed the nature of finance transformation and its underlying causes. It is now high time to loo k at the evolving role of tomorrows management accountant. Having acted as a steward for decades, today the finance professionals are increasingly pressurized to be a navigator or a business partner in performing his/her duties.With reference to the previously mentioned study done by CIMA, it is evident that Business partnering is clearly emerging as a way forward for finance transformation.Table 4 Business Partnering in finance functionSource CIMA Centre for Excellence, Excellence in Leadership, December 2009, p.11.In its research report, Finance transformation business partnering, CIMA Centre for Excellence defines business partnering as a behavior which involves members of the finance function acting as close advisors or internal consultants in greater collaboration and cross-functional working with others in the organization, so they can understand the business better, and provide the advice and support that is needed.1The idea here is, for finance members to actively go int o in the decision making carry through and take bodied ownership of the decision as opposed to being passive advisors. However in launch to do so, the finance professionals not only need to posses technical companionship in finance IT, they should also be equipped with extensive industry knowledge business acumen. In addition to that, the need for enhanced interaction across all the levels in the organization would mean that the management accountants need to master essential communication and interpersonal skills.Further the traditional barriers that exist between plane sections would also need to be relaxed so that effective inter-functional associations are enabled. Erik ter Horst, Vice President Finance, chief financial officer EMEA and Latin America, BT, offering insights to CIMAs survey adds for me, finance can only be functional if the finance function is a part of the whole organization2.However one might also argue that this may compensate the level of independence exercised by finance and hence affect the objectivity of its decisions. While acknowledging the possibility, Morten Sorensen, Finance Director Central Europe, Middle East and Asia Pacific, SSP, believes that the potential risk to the objectivity of finance function will be outweighed by the additional value generated at the end of the day it comes down to the integrity and professionalism of the individual(a).33.2 Finance transformation and the role of the Management Accountant at Bodyline3.2.1 BackgroundBodyline Private Limited, a joint hypothesis between MAST Industries, Triumph International MAS Holdings, is one of the largest lingerie sportswear manufactures in Sri Lanka with a workforce of around 6000 employees and an annual capacity of around 15 one thousand million pieces of bras. The company caters to some of the worlds most glamorous brands including Victoria Secret, Nike, Marks Spencer and Lane Bryant.Over the last couple of years Bodyline has synergized its multi mathematical product node portfolio to its competitive usefulness whilst investing on technologies such as bonding, 3D hemming and ultrasonic welding.However the company is constantly facing stiff competition from low cost manufacturers in Asian countries such as Bangladsh Vietnam, and as a result recently underwent drastic changes in its business model which in turn caused the finance function to transform accordingly.3.2.2 Finance Transformation at BodylineTable 5 Changes faced by the finance function at BodylineFinance Function Change congressmanType of ChangeMotive for Change1Greater emphasis on cost reductionProjects to curb major cost overrun areas. E.g. overtime Tracking MechanismCost ReductionCost Efficiency2Increased outsourcing of routine tasksOutsourcing of VAT Returns Process to a 3rd partyBPR3Increased Use of Shared Service Centers for routine tasksSetting up a common commercial part in collaboration with MAS Intimates group4Increased work on product pricingDevelo pments of Pre Post Order Profitability functions on rakeProduct FocusValue Creation5Cross functional teamsFormation of customer teams comprising of beatives of different departments including financeFocus on internal processes6Greater emphasis on poor death penalty within the organizationFacilitating greater depth in Performance Management. (Catering to Business, Departmental Individual levels)7Increased external benchmarking of the whole organizationRisk assessments and external benchmarking activities leading to sound business decisions being takenSource Primary data collected from BodylineThe above diagram depicts functional changes experienced by Bodyline Finance and it could be directly compared with Table 2 in page 3. (CIMAs original model)3.2.2.1 Cross Functional TeamsA drastic structural change was introduced few months behind where cross functional teams (representing virtually all the departments) were formulated to uniquely cater each customer. A business analyst w as appointed to each team to represent finance and he/she adheres to a dual reporting structure where the individual reports to the Head of Finance as well as to the Head of the respective customer account. Each customer team sits together in a separate area within the factory so that interaction between the members is enhanced.However the transformation involved significant cultural change. People had to be convinced that the previous structure that had been adopted for the past 15 years was not the indemnify way forward. Members of finance worked very closely with the new leadership to change the internal structures reporting lines to logical cross functional business teams to support customer expectations.The management accountants involved in articulating the methodology of performance management systems including Key Performance Indicators as well as devising segmental reporting of customer bottom lines coupled with policy control deployment. This helped the people to underst and the big picture and most importantly, where do they fit in to the new structure. The increased level of transparency helped us create a healthy competition among customer teams which in turn contributed to break the resistance to change whilst aggressively driving towards the achievement of business objectives.3.2.2.2 Greater emphasis on poor performance Performance management initiatives across many departments layers are being introduced with the direct involvement of finance which provides be after to delivery solutions. For instance, the incentive scheme for sewing operators was changed to an efficiency based group incentive mechanism from an individual performance based incentive system, with finance department functioning as the project champion. This is one fine example where Bodylines finance function operated as a true business partner coming out of its comfort zones, co-operating with the other relevant departments and executing the project to perfection. It is note worthy to mention that whilst executing this project, complex human dynamics of 6,500 people and the cost implications of providing incentives to all of them were considered. A series of information sessions had to be conducted to manage the knowledge transfer requirement in terms of the new system. Nevertheless a significant increment in factory efficiency was noticed within the first month of project implementation.In order to facilitate such advance business requirements, the finance function was strengthened with people having dual backgrounds. In other words, apart from hardcore finance graduates, Bodylines finance team comprises of several apparel engineering graduates from the University of Moratuwa who are also qualified in CIMA. It is this unique resource combination that has enabled Bodylines finance team to successfully strive for excellence amidst numerous challenges.3.2.2.3 Risk Analysis The members of the finance department are also engaged in analysis assessment of risks facing the company, developing projections based on such risks to draw the attention of the management on high risk areas. For example early identification of the risks of Western economic recession, paved the way for the company to take immediate actions and thereby mitigate the touch on of these adverse events at least to a certain extent.3.2.2.4 Cost Reduction As a follow up action plan to Budget Monitoring, the finance team in collaboration with other departments initiated 4 major projects to cut down companys overhead cost. These are namelyImplementation of overtime cost track controlling mechanismA project to control transport expenditureA project to control courier chargesA project to control unmoving costA project leader is appointed from Finance for each project and this individual is solely responsible for delivering the objectives of the project. The leader is expected to collaborate with relevant departments, device an action plan, follow up action points and p resent the progress at the next months budget monitoring session. Significant cost reductions were observed in each area with the inception of these projects.On the other hand, these projects offer a great opportunity for the budding management accountants to move out their comfort zones, actively involve in cross cultural teams, learn and become business partners who actively participate in achieving the companys strategic objectives.3.2.2.5 Increased work on product pricing To enhance the visibility of financial information at the Sales Order level, a project was initiated by finance with the collaboration of IT to develop SAP (the companys ERP system) based modules which calculates the expected profitability of a Sales order in the system itself. This process currently happens on spread sheets off the ERP system and as a result lot of information is duplicated and resources are wasted. The second phase of this project involves linking purchase order authorization procedure to sal es order profitability so that an effective control on at the point of material purchases can be exercised.Yet again this is a challenging project which requires the individual to move out of the comfort zones of an accountant and work with System users/IT specialists and to gather system requirements and thereby ensure effective system development is achieved later.4. Conclusion groundbreaking day businesses experience change at a dramatic rate and whichever the ones that do not adapt quickly, would be gone before long. Being part of that business, the finance function can never isolate itself so should get accustomed to change.If the finance function has to change, that indirectly means the management accountants should expect their roles to a great deal change in future. In fact it is the management accountants who are expected to manage the process of finance transformation. As their roles evolve, tomorrows management accountants will be expected to learn new skills (more often out of their comfort zones) work with cross functional teams and ultimately act as business partners who take responsibility for the collective decisions.Although we all tend to resist change initially, we also might feel it is after all not so bad. It certainly brings opportunities provided we take it in the right spirit we may end up being better off. The story of finance transformation at Bodyline is certainly of that type. Transforming was never an easy journey and it settle down is not. However as a team the finance function moved forward with positive attitude and as a result in the process has achieved so many milestones.As I conclude, the fundamental point I wish to bring up is that the finance transformation is inevitable. Irrespective of whether we like it or not its here to stay. However it is our decision either to embrace the change like a lizard which quickly changes its color to suit the environment and thereby survive through successful camouflaging or else ignore the change just like the dinosaur and simply extinct.

Ida B. Wells Essay -- essays research papers

Ida B. WellsIda B. Wells (1862-1931) was a newspaper editor and journalist who went on to lead the American anti-lynching crusade. Working closely with two African-American community leaders and American suffragists, Wells worked to raise gender issues within the "Race Question" and race issues within the "Woman Question." Wells was innate(p) the daughter of slaves in Holly Springs, Mississippi, on July 16, 1862. During Reconstruction, she was educated at a Missouri Freedmans School, Rust University, and began teaching school at the age of fourteen. In 1884, she discoverd to Memphis, Tennessee, where she proceed to teach while attending Fisk University during summer sessions. In Tennessee, especially, she was appalled at the poor treatment she and other African-Americans received. After she was forcibly removed from her seat for refusing to move to a "colored car" on the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad, the Tennessee Supreme Court rejected her suit against t he railroad for violating her civil rights in 1877. This event and the legal repugn that followed it, however, encouraged Wells to continue to oppose racial injustice toward African-Americans. She took up journalism in addition to school teaching, and in 1891, after she had written some(prenominal) newspaper articles critical of the educational opportunities afforded African-American students, her teaching contract was not renewed. Effectively barred from teaching, she invested her savings in a part-inte...

Vittore Carpaccio :: Essays Papers

Vittore CarpaccioVittore Carpaccio was born around the year 1460 near Venice, Italy. They didnt keep gestate records then, so this date is an estimate. Vittore knew from a very young age that he wanted to be a painter when he was older. He couldnt lucre attention in school because he was always drawing or sketching on his papers. As a young man, Carpaccio was greatly influenced by two Venetian painters. These two painters were Gentile Bellini and Giovanni Bellini. Carpaccio was influenced greatly by these artists, but he also admired the work of other artists of the Venitian art period.Carpaccio apply four cycles of paintings each of these cycles was used to tell a story. However, only the first two of these cycles have become well known. Carpaccio did the first of these cycles between 1490 and 1495. This cycle consisted of nine large paintings. One of these paintings, named The caption of Saint Ursula, is considered by most people to be his finest work. Especially orig inal is the painting Dream of Saint Ursula. Vittore completed the second cycle of his paintings between the historic period 1502 and 1507. This cycle also consists of nine scenes. These scenes are mainly from the lives of Saint George and Saint Jerome. The two best known paintings of this cycle are titled Saint George hit the Dragon and Saint Jerome in His Study. Even tough Carpaccio was greatly influenced by other artists of his time he still had a style that was different than everyone else. He seemed to use the colors black, red and brown more than other colors. He also put exotic animals or objects from faraway lands in many of his paintings. He also was very good with architecture and knew how to paint buildings so they looked real. Some of Vittores other widely known paintings include A Saint yarn and Virgin and Child. Even though he isnt as famous as some other artists are Carpaccio was one of the greatest artists of the early renascence in Europe.