Computing and Law Essay -- Technology, Privacy, Social Networking Site

In this essay I am going to discuss and critically analyse whether or not existing data protection laws protect the privacy of individuals whose personal information has been disclosed on social networking sites. Over the period of time social networking sites (SNS) have increased their popularity among people. There are various reasons of people using these sites. However, majority of SNS users are those people who use these sites for social networking e.g. chatting with friends, sharing their interests etc. These SNS users do not only have data relating to them but also the data of third parties. Many of these users do not take care of other people’s personal information, for example, they share their family and friends information with other strange people. It is not that only SNS users do not take essential care of others personal information, SNS themselves seems uninterested to protect personal information of its users. What is personal information? According to (article 2 (a)) of the data protection Directive, the information that qualifies as personal information is â€Å"Information only qualifies as personal data if it directly or indirectly relates to an identified or identifiable natural person. In order to determine whether a person is identifiable, account should be taken of all the means likely to be reasonably used either by the controller or by any other person to identify the said person (recital 26). As a result, most information that is made available on a social network (messages, photos, personal preferences, lists of friends) qualifies as personal data†. (Eecke, P V., and Truyens, M, 2010) Relation between the data protection Directive 95/46/EC and social networking sites is complex. Data protection di... ...nds and family’s information for personal and household purposes but, indirectly, process this information to allow third parties (SNS and application providers) to process this information for commercial purposes. When a user uses an application, application providers takes their consent to access their and their friends’ detail. Users of SNS are with wider communities from all over the world. One might be in United States (US) but have friends and family in United Kingdom (UK) whom information he/she is sharing, that person will also be exempted from data protection directive. In all these case Data protection laws do not adequately protects the privacy of individuals whose personal information is disclosed on social networking sites. A wider view is needed to protect the privacy of individuals. This should include global regularity for privacy protection.

Initial Public Offering (Ipo) Process

II. Initial Public Offering (IPO) process 1. Procedure The company which is going to issue shares to the publics holds an organizational meeting to reach an agreement in final decision of purpose, size of offering, number and type of shares authorized, also the agreements with company and principal shareholders. Generally, IPO involves one or more investment banks as â€Å"underwriters†. The role of underwriters is very important. They are intermediaries between an issuer of a security and the investing public. There are many forms of underwriting. However, in Vietnam, firm commitment contract and bought deal are popularly used. In these contracts, the underwriters guarantee for all the shares of the organization. The underwriters will buy all the number of shares or the remaining shares after the issuing period. 2. Auction In order to do the auction, the firm must determine the value of new securities, which is based on performance and potentiality assessment from sponsoring organizations, audit firms and consulting organizations to give the most suitable initial price. There are many methods to determine the initial price such as asset accumulation, market value†¦ however DCF( discounted cash flow) and P/E (price earning) are usually used in Vietnam. Both two methods have advantages and disadvantages, so the issuers usually take the average result of two methods to get the highest benefit. After defining the stock price, the company publicizes business’s operation information before the auction session at least 20 days. Investors’ voting by person attendance forms can be received directly by the firm (if the auction held at the enterprise) or intermediary financial institutions (in case of auction in intermediary financial institutions) or the Securities Trading Center / municipal securities transactions and specified agents, voting by mail conforms the auction organizer regulations. The third step is carrying out the auction and determining the results. The organization proceeds auction bills and enter these information into auction software. Then the purchase price is determined basing on the highest to lowest price until reaching the number of shares offered for sale. The number of shares investors can buy in case of equal rate but remaining fewer shares than required is calculated as the following formula: The number of shares nvestors can buy = remaining shares * (number of shares each investor subscribed/ total number of shares registered) After that, reports need to be prepared and send to related parties. The last action is announcing and charging share price. Lastly, the remained shares from the auction are sold to the investors with the agreement of price no less than average auction price (if remained shares are less than 30% of total shares offered) or o be auctioned he second time with a condition that the starting price is not less than the lowest a uction price (if remained shares are more than 30% of total shares offered).

Understand Child and Young Peoples Development

3. 1/3. 1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods: Monitoring children and young people’s development using different methods such as an observation, where I would watch the child closely in different contexts depending on which area I was observing e. g. social development I would observe outside in the play area or in group activity. I would write up notes of what the child is doing, how they are interacting with others, their capability within the pre-school and then from this I would be able to tell their ability within the age range and if help was needed I would then put in a referral or organise a development plan. Communicating with the parent/career is also a great way of learning about the child as they may do things at home which they may not be confident in doing in the pre-school. All records and feedback found/used would be shared with the parent/career about the findings if any. Always remembering, to take into account their culture/EAL, and any issues with these. 3. 1/3. 2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern: There are many reasons that a child/person may not follow their expected development pattern – Emotional/social: They may not have the confidence, may prefer their own company which means their personal space is very important to them. Who and where they are socialising. Physical/mental abuse: If a child witnesses or experiences this, it could affect their how they value/control their own emotional feelings. Culture: There are many things they can and can’t do due to culture beliefs, poverty, not enough money, poor health, lack of resources or facilities or just lack of UTW. Disability: If they are unable to use certain parts of their body. Not having the facilities/resources available to them. Environment: If they do not associate or live around in a multi culture area they might not understand their environmental needs. 3. 1/3. 3 Explain how disability may affect development: If a child has a physical development they may not develop in their gross motor skills as quick as others. They may have a lack in motivation in participating which will impact on their development as they will not pay attention. If they do not have the correct resources/equipment then they will not develop as they will not have the help which may be required. They may be subject to discrimination or prejudice for this they may be treated different from the other children. They may not have the ability to learn, communicate or understand. There are many different types of learning disabilities from small to large problems that may affect their whole life.

Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart The WritePass Journal

Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart CHAPTER ONE Cardiothoracic ratio and the maximum transverse diameter of the heart CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTIONAnatomy of the HeartGross Anatomy of the heart1.2 THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART1.2.1 The Right Atrium 1.2.2 THE RIGHT VENTRICLE 1.2.3 THE LEFT ATRIUM 1.2.4 THE LEFT VENTRICLE1.3 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE HEART 1.3.1 ANTERIOR ASPECT1.3.2 LEFT SIDED ASPECT 1.3.3 POSTERIOR ASPECT 1.3.4 Right Side Aspect1.4 THE HEART WALL1.4.2 THE MYOCARDIUM1.4.3 THE ENDOCARDIUM1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYCHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS3.1 SUBJECTS3.2 SAMPLE SELECTION 3.3 MEASUREMENTCHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION5.2 CONCLUSION5.3 RECOMMENDATIONREFERENCESRelated CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Cardiothoracic ratio is the maximum transverse diameter of the heart divided by the greatest internal diameter of the thoracic cage (from inside of rib to inside to rib).   (Herring, 2003). In normal people, the cardiothoracic ratio is usually less than 50% but, in black people up to 55% may still be normal (Sutton 1988). Therefore the cardiothoracic ratio is a handy way of separating most normal heart from most abnormal heart. (Herring, 2003). A heart can be greater than 50% of the cardiothoracic ratio and still be a normal heart (Herring, 2003). This can occur   if there is an ultra cardiac cause of cardiac enlargement which include; 1. Pectus excavatum deformity 2. Straight back syndrome 3. Inability to take deep breath because of obesity, pregnancy etc. (Herring 2003). The ratio may also increase in elderly. This may be to an in folding of ribs, reducing the thoracic component of the ratio (Sutton 1985). The transverse diameter of the heart can be measured directly on a radiograph at 1.83m (6ft) upper limit of 16cm for men and 15cm for women are usual (Sutton 1985). The advantage of a single measurement of that it can be held to be compared in serial films. At difference of 2cm is held to be a significant change. This applies only when the heart is originally normal (Sutton 1985). Normally, the third of the cardiac shadow lies to the left of the midline and one-third to the right (Berry 2003). In normal individual, the transverse diameter of the heart on PA film is usually in the range of 11.5cm to 15.5cm. it lies less than 11.5cm in about 5% of people and only rarely exceeds 15cm (Benny 2003). The maximum transverse diameters of the cardiac shadow at the chest radiograph film consist mainly of the diameters of the left ventricle and right atrium as shown by radiograph (Hada, 1995). The ratio is influenced by many factors, not only left ventricular dilatation or hypertrophy but also dilatation of the other cardiac chambers and aorta, rotation and shift of the heart, respiratory phase, body posture and measurement errors (Hada, 1995). Anatomy of the Heart Development of the Heart The development of the heart begins in the middle of the third week from the cardiac progenitor cells in the epiblast, immediately lateral to the primitive streak. Cells destined to form cranial segment of the heart, the outflow tract migrate first and cells forming more caudal portion, right ventricle, left ventricle and sinus venosus respectively migrate in sequential order. Series of developmental processes later leads to formation of a horse-shoe shaped endothelial lined tube surrounded by myoblasts in the cardiogenic field. In addition to cardiogenic region, other clusters of angiogenic cells appear bilaterally, parallel and close to the midline of the embryonic shield. These  Ã‚   clusters acquire a lumen and form a pair of longitudinal vessel called dorsal aorta. These vessels later gained connections via the aortic arches with the horseshoe shaped region that form the heart tube. As the embryo folds cephalocaudally, it also folds laterally and as a result, the caudal regions of the paired cardiac primordial merge their caudal most ends. Simultaneously, the crescent part of the horse- shoe shaped area expands to form the future outflow tract and ventricular regions. Thus, the heart becomes a continuous expanded tube consisting of an inner endothelial lining an outer myocardial layer. The heart at this stage consist of three layers (a) Endocardium – forming the inner endothelial lining of the heart. (b) Myocardium- forming the muscular wall (c) Epicardium or Visceral pericardium- covering the outside of the tube. Various parts of the heart later develop from the fused heart tube. (Sadler T. W 2000). Gross Anatomy of the heart The normal heart lies within the pericardial sac in the middle of the thorax slightly to the left of the middle (Sokolow 1979). The low pressure right atrium and right ventricle occupy the anterior portion of the heart and the higher pressure left ventricle and atrium his posteriorly (Sokolow 1977). The long axis of the heart from the apex of the left ventricle to the root of the aorta runs upwards and backward at an angle of about 300 from the horizontal plane and 450 from the sagital plane of the body (Sokolow 1977). The resisting and position of the heart vary with the build of the patient and with respiration. It assumes a more vertical position during inspiration in tall thin persons and more horizontal position during respiration in persons with heavier body build. (Sokolow1977). 1.2 THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART The heart consists of four (4) chambers; that is the right and left atria and the right and left ventricle. 1.2.1 The Right Atrium The right atrium consists of two (2) embryological portions. (Malcolm 1977). The most posterior thin walled portion into which the vena cava and coronary sinus empty in from form the sinus venosus and is compose of similar tissues to that of the great vein. (Malcolm 1977). The more anterior muscular portion includes the right arterial appendage and the tricuspid valve ring (Malcolm 1977) The fossa ovalies lies in the site of the foramen ovale (Malcolm 1977). This inter-atrial communication within which is present during fetal life permits the flow of oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava into the heart (Malcolm 1977). The patent foramen Ovale remain open or potentially open in about 15% of normal subjects (Malcolm 1977) but since it is a flap value which only allows flow right or left, it is normally functionally closed (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.2 THE RIGHT VENTRICLE The right ventricle is triangular in shape and forms a cresentric, shallow structure wrapped over the ventricular septum (Malcolm 1977), it can divided into a lower inflow portion containing the tricuspid valve   and upper outflow tract from which pulmonary trunk arises. (Malcolm 1977). The line of demarcation between the two portions consists of bands of muscles formed by the cristasupra ventricularis (Malcolm 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricles is derived from the embryologically distinct bulbus cordis in contrast to the inflow portion which arises from ventricular tissues (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.3 THE LEFT ATRIUM The left atrium like the right is composed of a vein like portion which the pulmonary vein drains and make muscular anterior portion which includes the left atrial appendage (Malcolm 1977). Its wall is slightly thicker than that of the right atrium and the inner area corresponding to the fossa ovale can be seen on its right upper surface (Malcolm 1977). 1.2.4 THE LEFT VENTRICLE The left ventricular cavity is shaped like an egg. The base or the egg is formed by the mitral valve ring. The wall of the left ventricle accounts for about 75% of the mass of the heart. The aorta and mitral ring lies close to one another with the layer anterior mole cusp of mitral valve adjacent to the left and posterior cusp of the aortic valve (Malcolm 1977). The posterior immobile cusp of the mitral valve is shorter and together with the anterior cusp is lethered to the anterior and posterior papillary muscles in a parachute like shared by the two (2) cusps (Malcolm 1977). The interventricular septum which forms the outright anterior aspect of the left ventricle bulges into the right ventricle making the cross section of the mid portion of the left ventricle circular shape (Malcolm 1977). 1.3 EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF THE HEART 1.3.1 ANTERIOR ASPECT As viewing anteriorly, the longest area of the surface of the heart is formed by the triangular shaped right ventricle with the pulmonary trunk arising from the apex of the triangle   above and to the right of the right ventricle, one can see right atrium appendages as an ear shape structure overlying the root of the aorta (Sokolow 1997). The grove between the right atrium and ventricle (Coronary sulcus) is often filled with fat and is occupied by the right coronary artery. Above the right atrium, the superior vena cava is seen entering the right atrium from the back . The anterior aspect of the heart reveals only a small part of the left ventricle lying to the left of the right ventricle and forming the apex of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The anterior interventricular sulcus often contains fat and is occupied by the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery (Sokolow 1977). The only portion of the left atrium visible from the front is the left atrial appendages, which lies side of the origin of the pulmonary trunk. The lungs normally covers most of the anterior surface of the heart especially during inspiration having only a small area opposed to the back of the sternum and left ribs (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.2 LEFT SIDED ASPECT When viewed from the left side, the ventricle and the left atrium occupy most of the surface of the heart (Sokolow 1977). The posterior interventricular groove separates the left ventricle above from the right ventricle below. The posterior descending branch of the right coronary artery lies in the groove. The anterior ventricular groove runs almost vertically in the view separating the left ventricle from the left atrium (Sokolow 1977). The coronary sinus and circumflex branch of the left coronary artery lies in the groove and complete the ring of blood vessels forming the bases of the corona (crown) after which the blood vessels supplying the heart are named (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.3 POSTERIOR ASPECT The back of the heart mainly on the diaphragm is largely occupied by the left atrium and ventricle plus portions of the right atrium and ventricle (Sokolow 1977). The point at which all four (4) chambers meet posteriorly as called the crux at the heart; because of the cross – shape pattern of the blood vessels lying at the function of the posterior interventricular groove and the anterior ventricular groove (Sokolow 1977). The vessels forming the crux are; the coronary sinus and the posterior descending coronary artery. This latter vessel may be a branch of either the right or the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery depending on whether the right or left coronary artery is largely (dominant) (Sokolow 1977). The pulmonary vein enter the back of the left atrium and the pattern may vary but the two right and the left pulmonary veins are normally present (Sokolow 1977). 1.3.4 Right Side Aspect When viewed from the right side, the right atrium and ventricle occupies most of the surface (Maurice 1977). The posterior and the anterior vena cava enter the atrium at the back and the aorta runs upward from the middle of the heart (Maurice 1977). The outflow tract of the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk form the upper border of the heart in this view (Maurice 1977). 1.4 THE HEART WALL The heart wall is composed of the three layers of tissue, namely the; epicardium, myocardium and endocardium (Stephen 1988). The epicardium and the visceral pericardium are two names for the same structure. The sinus pericardium is called epicardium when considered a part of the heart and the visceral pericardium when considered a part of the pericardium (Stephen 1988). 1.4.2 THE MYOCARDIUM This is the thick middle layer of the heart, which composed of cardiac muscle cells and is responsible for the ability of the heart to contract, (Stephen 1988). 1.4.3 THE ENDOCARDIUM This is the smooth inner surface of the heart chamber, which consist of the simple squamous epithelium over a layer or connective tissue (Stephen 1988). The smooth inner surface allows blood to move easily through the heart. The heart valves are formed by a fold as the endocardium, making a double layer of endocardium with connective tissue in between (Stephen 1988). 1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are To measure the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio of normal individual in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. To give the comparison between the heart diameter, thoracic diameter and cardiothoracic ratio between males and females. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW In 1919, Danzer undertook one of the earliest studies of the cardiothoracic ratio. After investigation nearly 500 patients without the aid of hemodynamic parameters, He determined that any measurement over 0.5 or 50% was suspicious and over 0.52or 52% was definitely pathological. A latter report by comeau and white in 1942 found that 15 to 25% of normal patient had a cardiothoracic ratio greater than 0.5 or 50% and advised that using CT ratio prediction labels based upon six, image technique and phase of respiration. A significant relationship was found between the radial measurement and age, which differ within ethnic group groups. The median value of cardiothoracic ratio was 43% in Caucasians, 44% in Asian and 46% in Africans. (Ashcroft Maills’ and Mekol). Mekol concluded that a single upper limit (e.g. 50%) for cardiothoracic ratio is unsatisfactory. It all subject with values of cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50% in the present sample had been recalled for more dedicated cardio logical investigation; this would have affected 2.2% of Caucasians, 4.1% of Asians and 9.3% of Africans limit of 5.3% in Caucasians, 52% in Asian and 53% in Africans would include 2.2%, 2.4% and 2.6% of each subject of these racial groups. (Mekol1982). Murphy M.L. in 1985 took routine posterior and lateral chest radiograph in 268 patients and analyzed to determine heart size. The coronary artery of this determination was compared with a specific ventricular mass derived from a postmortem cardiac partition technique. The data indicated that in the majority of cases (greater than 70%) a normal sized heart or cardiomegaly can be correctly determined from the chest x – ray either by subjective arterial or chamber enlargement or management of the transverse diameter (Murphy M.L. 1985). A recent meta-analysis of 29 studies determined that cardiomegaly on the cardiothoracic ratio was the best reason for predicting a reduced ejection fraction, with a sensitivity and specificity of 51% and 79% respectively (Badgett 1996). Comeau in 1942 said that it is important to recognize compounding factors of cardiomegaly such as an epical fat, a transversely positional heart. An expiratory film or decrease in thoracic width. In 1987, Kabala used a computed Tomography model in eight patients to show how the heart diameter and cardiothoracic ratio might change between anterior-posterior chest radiograph taken on 103 patients without cardiac failure and 106 with cardiac failure. An upper limit of cardio thoracic ratio of 55% and of heart chamber or 165mm in males and 150mm in females was shown to practice useful discrimination between normal and abnormal heart size (Kabala 1987). The cardiothoracic ration thoracic ratio increased with age in both sex but females have longer cardiothoracic ratio than men. Portable films taken in the anterior-posterior and supine position enlarge the appearance of cardiac silhouette (Milne 1988). CHAPTER THREE 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1 SUBJECTS A retrospective study was carried out in the university of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Department of Radiology, and using normal chest radiograph of two hundred and ninety-one (291) patients. 3.2 SAMPLE SELECTION The sample includes the normal chest radiographs taken from 2007-2009. All chest radiographs with abnormal result were excluded from the study. The age, sex from the chest radiographs was obtained. Hypertensive subjects were excluded. 3.3 MEASUREMENT A straight line drawn near the rule meddled of the heart shadow. Another line as in â€Å"a† from the right heart border to order to the first line was drown. A third line was drown from the left heart co-order furthest from the in the middle of the heart shown as the â€Å"b†. The two were then added together, the cardiothoracic rube as the own of the line â€Å"a† and â€Å"b† divided by the largest transverse internal diameter of the thoracic cage as shown on the figure 3.1 below. Figure 3.1 measurement of the cardio thoracic ratio. Cardiac diameter=A=B are the maximum extensions of the heart to the left and right of the midline respectively. CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 DISCUSSION The cardiothoracic ratio of males and females in the various age groups will be determined in future study. The ratio increased with age in both sexes but was more marked in females than males. Oberman in 1967 reported that women have higher cardiothoracic ratio than males. Men had larger cardiac diameter than women. The higher cardiothoracic ratio in women was due to their smaller thoracic diameter. This report supports the present study. Edge in 1984 also reported that the increase in cardiothoracic ratio with age found particularly in women was mainly due to contraction of the thoracic diameter rather than an increase in the cardiac diameter. Decrease in the chest diameter with advancing age indicates that cardiothoracic ratio over estimates the heart size in the elderly. Nikol and Wade in 1982 attributed that Africans have larger cardiothoracic ratio because they have smaller thoracic diameter and larger cardiac diameter. It was also noted that environmental factors such as poor nutrition and infection may cause cardiac enlargement with resultant increase in cardiac diameter and cardiothoracic ratio. 5.2 CONCLUSION The higher cardiothoracic ratio in females may suggest the reason of their susceptibility to infections arising from the heart and this could be correlated to clinical data. 5.3 RECOMMENDATION I recommend that any research on cardiothoracic ratio is best with chest radiographs. Females should always keep good hygiene because of their susceptibility to infections because of their large cardiothoracic ratio. REFERENCES Ashcroft MT, Miall WE (1969) cardiothoracic ratio in two Jamaican Communities. AM. J Epidemoil 89: 161-167. Badgett, R.C. Mulrow, P. Otto and G. Ramirez (1996). How well can the chest radiograph diagnose left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of Internal Medicine 11:625-634(medline) Comeau W J, White PD(1942).A critical analysis of standard methods of estimating heart size from Roentgen measurements. A M. J Roentgenol 47:665-667 Covoan N R (1964) The heart lung coefficient and the transverse diameter of the heart. Br Heart Journal 26:116-120 Danzer, C. S (1919) The Cardio thoracic ratio A M. J medical sciences 15:512-513 David   Sutton   (1993) A text of radiography and imaging, normal chest Fifth edition, Great Britain by William Clowes Limited London. P 530 Edge J R, Milliard F C, Reid L, Simon G (1964) The radiographic appearance of the chest in persons of advanced age. Br Heart Journal 26:769-773 Hada Y (1995) Cardio thoracic ratio 26 (1) :51-54 Kabala J T, White P. (1987) The Measurement of the size in the antero-posterior chest radiograph Br journal of Radiology 60 (718) :981-986 Krish namoorthy D M. (2001)100% cardio thoracic ratio Tex heart inst. J.28 (4):334-335 Kono F Suwa M, Hanada H, Hirota Y, Kawanaura K. (1992) Clinical significance of normal cardiac silhouette in dilated cardiomyopathy , Evaluation based upon echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging . Japanese Journal 56:359-365 Manninen H, Reines J, Partenen K, Tynkkyen P, Mykkannen L, Laakso M, Soimakalio S, Pyorata K. (1991) Evaluation of heart size and pulmonary vasculature conventional chest image intensifier photofluorography Manorana Berry, sudha Suri, Veena chowdheny , Sina Mukhopadhyay (2003) normal thoracic anatomy on various imaging modalities, Diagnostic radiology chest and cardiovascular imaging second edition , Jaypee brothers medical publishers (P) Ltd. India P(1) 16 Maurice Sokolow (1997) Physiology of the circulatory system clinical cardiology first edition large medical publication carlifornia PP1-9 Milne E N C, K. Burnett, D. Autrichtig, J. Manillian, and T J Imray (1988) Assessment of cardiac size on portable chest films Journal of Thoracic Imaging 3:64-72 (medline) Murphy M.L, Blue L.R, Thennabadu   P N, Philps JR, Fenis EJ. (1998). The reliability of the routine chest roentgenograph for determination of heart size based specific ventricular chamber evaluation at post mortem investigation radiology 20(1) :21-25 Nikol K, Wade AJ. (1982). Radiiographic heart size and cardio thoracic ratio in three ethnic groups   basis for a simple screening test for cardiac enlargement in men . Br Journal of Radiology 55(654): 399-403 Oberman A, Mayer A.R, Karuna T.M, Epstein FH, 1967. Heart size of adults in a natural population Feamesh-Michigan circulation 34: 724-733 Philip Thorek. (1985). Anatomy in surgery, thorax. Third edition springer Newyork (PP327) Rod R Seetey, Trent D. Stephens, Philip Tate (1998) cardiovascular   system, Anatomy and Physiology, Fourth Edition. McGraw Hill Newyork pp602-614 Seninge R.P and Lester R.G.   History of cardiac radiology. Unpublished report 1970. Sadler T. W 2000. Langman’s medical embryology 8th edition.

Artificial Intelligeny essays

Artificial Intelligeny essays Currently there is a lot of research going on in the field of Artificial Intelligence. The Artificial Intelligence research is not only to create robots, but to really understand what intelligence is, and at the same time understand the way our human brain thinks and works. Inevitably this research will lead to the creation of some very smart robots that will think and act much like humans do. When we say Artificial Intelligence we mean something that is able to make some sort of decisions provided some given data. And artificial intelligence does not necessarily have to be a robot or anything like it. A computer chess program is a perfectly legitimate example of Artificial Intelligence. Today most of the people not in the field of computers or electronics have a totally different idea of what Artificial Intelligence is. When people hear Artificial Intelligence they automatically think of robots such as the ones in movie the Terminator. People have this crazy idea of robots taking over the world which is not entirely true. If Artificial Intelligence really existed the way people think about Artificial Intelligence, then the world would be a totally different place. Assuming that there were intelligent robots or machines that were absolutely no different than humans, what would we do? Considering them as humans; giving them the same rights and privileges as we do to humans would be a hard thing to do. Discriminating and separating them from us would also be hard since they feel the same way, and love the same way. Again assuming that robots will love the same way humans do since theoretically speaking if carbon is capable of creating feelings so will silicon. First of all, why would humans discriminate against robots or Artificial Intelligence in general? There are several reasons why humans would. Robots will be immortal which would make their population grow faster, and over long periods of time they will be more r...

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II

USS Texas (BB-35) Battleship in World War II USS Texas (BB-35) was an New York-class battleship that was commissioned into the U.S. Navy in 1914. After taking part in the American occupation of Veracruz later that year, Texas saw service in British waters during World War I. Modernized in the 1920s, the battleship was still in the fleet when the United States entered World War II following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After performing convoy duty in the Atlantic, Texas took part in the invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and the landings in  southern France later that summer. The battleship was transferred to the Pacific in November 1944 and aided in the final campaigns against the Japanese, including the invasion of Okinawa. Retired after the war, it is presently a museum ship outside Houston, TX. Design Construction Tracing its origins to the 1908 Newport Conference, the  New York-class of battleships was the U.S. Navys fifth type of dreadnought after the South Carolina- (BB-26/27), Delaware- (BB-28/29), Florida- (BB-30/31), and Wyoming-classes (BB-32/33). Central among the conferences findings was the requirement for ever larger calibers of main guns as foreign navies had begun using 13.5 guns. Though discussions commenced regarding the armament of the Florida- and  Wyoming-class ships, their construction advanced using the standard 12 guns. Complicating the debate was the fact that no U.S. dreadnought had entered service and designs were based on theory, war games, and experience with pre-dreadnought ships. In 1909, the General Board pushed forward designs for a battleship mounting 14 guns. A year later, the Bureau of Ordnance successfully tested a new gun of this size and Congress authorized the building of two ships. Shortly before construction began, the U.S. Senate Naval Affairs Committee attempted to have the size of the ships reduced as part of an attempt to cut the budget. These efforts were thwarted by Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer and both battleships moved forward as originally designed. Named USS  New York  (BB-34) and USS  Texas  (BB-35), the new ships mounted ten 14 guns in five twin turrets. These were situated with two forward and two aft in superfiring arrangements while the fifth turret was placed amidships. The secondary battery consisted of twenty-one 5 guns and four 21 torpedo tubes. The tubes were situated with two in the bow and two in the stern. No anti-aircraft guns were included in the initial design, but the rise of naval aviation saw the addition two 3 guns in 1916. USS Texas (BB-35) during sea trials, 1913.   U.S. Navy Propulsion for the  New York-class ships came from fourteen Babcock Wilcox coal-fired boilers powering dual-acting, vertical triple expansion steam engines. These turned two propellers and gave the vessels a speed of 21 knots.  The New York-class was the last class of battleships designed for the US Navy to utilize coal for fuel. Protection for the ships came from a 12 main armor belt with 6.5 covering the vessels casemates.   Construction of Texas was assigned to the Newport News Shipbuilding Company after the yard submitted a bid of $5,830,000 (exclusive of armament and armor). Work began on April 17, 1911, five months before New York was laid down in Brooklyn. Moving forward over the next thirteen months, the battleship entered the water on May 18, 1912, with Claudia Lyon, daughter of Colonel Cecil Lyon of Texas, serving as sponsor. Twenty-two months later, Texas entered service on March 12, 1914,  with Captain Albert W. Grant in command.  Commissioned a month earlier than New York, some initial confusion arose regarding the name of the class. USS Texas (BB-35) Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  Newport News ShipbuildingLaid Down:  April 17, 1911Launched:  May 18, 1912Commissioned:  March 12, 1914Fate:  Museum ship  Specifications (as built)Displacement:  27,000  tonsLength:  573  ft.Beam:  95.3  ft.Draft:  27  ft., 10.5 in.Propulsion:  14  Babcock and Wilcox  coal-fired boilers  with oil spray, triple expansion steam engines turning two propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,042  menArmament (as built)10  Ãƒâ€"  14-inch/45  caliber guns21 Ãâ€"  5/51 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" 21  torpedo tubes Early Service Departing Norfolk, Texas steamed for New York where its fire control equipment was installed. In May, the new battleship moved south to support operations during the American occupation of Veracruz. This occurred despite the fact that the battleship had not conducted a shakedown cruise and post-shakedown repair cycle. Remaining in Mexican waters for two months as part of Rear Admiral Frank F. Fletchers squadron, Texas briefly returned to New York in August before commencing routine operations with the Atlantic Fleet. In October, the battleship again arrived off the Mexican coast and briefly served as station ship at Tuxpan before proceeding to Galveston, TX where it received a set of silver from Texas Governor Oscar Colquitt. After a period in the yard at New York around the turn of the year, Texas rejoined the Atlantic Fleet. On May 25, the battleship, along with USS Louisiana (BB-19) and USS Michigan (BB-27), rendered aid to the stricken Holland-America liner Ryndam which had been rammed by another vessel. Through 1916, Texas moved through a routine training cycle before receiving two 3 anti-aircraft guns as well as directors and rangefinders for its main battery. World War I In the York River when the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Texas remained in the Chesapeake until August conducting exercises and working to train Naval Armed Guard gun crews for service about merchant vessels. After an overhaul at New York, the battleship moved up Long Island Sound and on the night of September 27 ran hard aground on Block Island. The accident was the result of Captain Victor Blue and his navigator turning too soon due to confusion regarding shore lights and the location of the channel through the mine field at the east end of Long Island Sound. USS Texas (BB-35) at Hampton Roads, VA, 1917.   U.S. Navy Pulled free three days later, Texas returned to New York for repairs. As a result, it was unable to sail in November with Rear Admiral Hugh Rodmans Battleship Division 9 which departed to reinforce Admiral Sir David Beattys British Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow. Despite the accident, Blue retained command of Texas and, due to connections to Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, avoided a court-martial over the incident. Finally crossing the Atlantic in January 1918, Texas reinforced Rodmans force which was operating as the 6th Battle Squadron. While abroad, the battleship largely aided in protecting convoys in the North Sea.  On April 24, 1918, Texas sortied when the German High Seas Fleet was spotted moving towards Norway. Though the enemy was sighted, they could not be brought to battle. With the end of the conflict in November, Texas joined the fleet in escorting the High Seas Fleet into internment at Scapa Flow. The following month, the American battleship steamed south to escort President Woodrow Wilson, aboard the liner SS George Washington, into Brest, France as he traveled to the peace conference at Versailles. Interwar Years  Ã‚  Ã‚   Returning to home waters, Texas resumed peacetime operations with the Atlantic Fleet. On March 10, 1919, Lieutenant Edward McDonnell became the first man to fly an aircraft off an American battleship when he launched his Sopwith Camel from one of Texas turrets. Later that year, the battleships commander, Captain Nathan C. Twining, employed aircraft to spot for the vessels main battery.  Findings from these efforts supported the theory that air spotting was far superior to shipboard spotting and led to floatplanes being placed aboard American battleships and cruisers. In May, Texas acted a plane guard for a group of US Navy Curtiss NC aircraft that were attempting a trans-Atlantic flight. That July, Texas transferred to the Pacific to begin a five-year assignment with the Pacific Fleet.  Returning to the Atlantic in 1924, the battleship entered Norfolk Navy Yard the following year for a major modernization. This saw the replacement of the ships cage masts with tripod masts, installation of new oil-fired Bureau Express boilers, additions to the anti-aircraft armament, and placing of new fire control equipment. USS Texas (BB-35) undergoing modernization at Norfolk Navy Yard, 1926. National Archives and Records Administration Completed in November 1926, Texas was named flagship of the U.S. Fleet and commenced operations along the East Coast. In 1928, the battleship transported President Calvin Coolidge to Panama for the Pan-American Conference and then proceeded into the Pacific for maneuvers off Hawaii.  Following an overhaul at New York in 1929, Texas spent the next seven years moving through routine deployments in the Atlantic and Pacific.   Made flagship of the Training Detachment in 1937, it held this role for a year until becoming flagship of the Atlantic Squadron. During this period, much Texas operations centered on training activities including serving as a platform for midshipmen cruises for the U.S. Naval Academy. In December 1938, the battleship entered the yard for installation of the experimental RCA CXZ radar system. With the beginning of World War II in Europe, Texas received an assignment to the Neutrality Patrol to aid in safeguarding the western sea lanes from German submarines.  It then began escorting convoys of Lend-Lease material to the Allied nations. Made flagship of Admiral Ernest J. Kings Atlantic Fleet in February 1941, Texas saw its radar systems upgraded to the new RCA CXAM-1 system later that year.  Ã‚   World War II At Casco Bay, ME on December 7 when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor,  Texas  remained in the North Atlantic until March when it entered the yard. While there, its secondary armament was reduced while additional anti-aircraft guns were installed.  Returning to active duty, the battleship resumed convoy escort duty until the fall of 1942. On November 8, Texas  arrived off Port Lyautey, Morocco where it provided fire support for Allied forces during the Operation Torch landings. It remained in action until November 11 and then returned to the United States.  Reassigned to convoy duty,  Texas  continued in this role until April 1944.   Remaining in British waters, Texas  commenced training to support the planned invasion of Normandy.  Sailing on June 3, the battleship pummeled targets around Omaha Beach and Pointe du Hoc three days later.  Providing intense naval gunfire support to Allied troops hitting the beaches,  Texas fired on enemy positions throughout the day. The battleship remained off the Norman coast until June 18 with its only departure a short run to Plymouth to rearm. USS Texas (BB-35) at sea, December 1942. National Archives and Records Administration Later that month, on June 25,  Texas, USS  Arkansas  (BB-33), and USS  Nevada  (BB-36) attacked German positions around Cherbourg. In exchanging fire with enemy batteries,  Texas sustained a shell hit which caused eleven casualties. Following repairs, at Plymouth the battleship began training for the invasion of southern France. After shifting to the Mediterranean in July,  Texas  approached the French coast on August 15. Providing fire support for the Operation Dragoon landings, the battleship struck targets until Allied troops advanced beyond range of its guns. Withdrawing on August 17,  Texas  sailed for Palermo before later departing for New York. Arriving in mid-September, the battleship entered the yard for a brief overhaul.  Ordered to the Pacific,  Texas sailed in November and touched in California before reaching Pearl Harbor the following month.  Pressing on to Ulithi, the battleship joined Allied forces and took part in the Battle of Iwo Jima in February 1945. Leaving Iwo Jima on March 7,  Texas  returned to Ulithi to prepare for the invasion of Okinawa. Attacking Okinawa on March 26, the battleship pounded targets for six days before the landings on April 1.  Once the troops were ashore,  Texas stayed in the area until mid-May providing fire support. Final Actions Retiring to the Philippines,  Texas  was there when the war ended  on August 15.  Returning to Okinawa, it remained there into September before embarking American troops for home as part of Operation Magic Carpet. Continuing in this mission through December,  Texas then sailed for Norfolk to prepare for deactivation. Taken to Baltimore, the battleship entered reserve status on June 18, 1946. The following year, the Texas Legislature created the Battleship Texas  Commission with the goal of preserving the ship as a museum. Raising the necessary funds, the Commission had  Texas  towed to the Houston Ship Channel near the San Jacinto Monument. Made flagship of the Texas Navy, the battleship remains open as a museum ship.  Texas was formally decommissioned on April 21, 1948.

Astrology and Scientific Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Astrology and Scientific Method - Essay Example For instance, in much of the world winter months are much colder and have much less daylight than Summer months, so it could be that babies who are first learning to walk and experience the world in June, when they can go outside and experience a great deal of sunlight, open spaces and so on, might generally have a different makeup from babies who are at that stage of their development in December, when they have little daylight and no open spaces. This could lead to their being a general difference in character between people born in December and those born in June, but would obviously be heavily related to how fast someone develops, the climate they live in and so on. And so far, there is very little reason to suspect this is true. The scientific method is one of the most important ways of understanding the world that humans have. Its basic idea is that you create a hypothesis, for instance, objects with mass attract each other. Then you perform experiments, and see if the results match or do not match your hypothesis. Using that example, if you drop a ball and it falls, it confirms the hypothesis, but if it does not then it denies it. One of the most important things about the scientific process it that any rule must be true one hundred percent of the time – if a ball ever just hovers in the air when dropped, one would have to re-think gravity. Things must also be repeatable – another person must be able to conduct the same experiment and get the same result. Astrology fails these tests in many ways – firstly, no astrologer would ever tell you that their horoscopes are true for every single person born under that sign every time a horoscope is published. Furthermore, astrology is not base d on observation of things that occur in the real world, nor does it use experiments to see if its finding are accurate. In light of everything I have learned about astrology, I would say that the line from â€Å"Julius